Notes 6 - Blood type debunking - herrera debunk - etc - Mainstream research on the Nile Valley peoples

Link to research papers and articles: (http://wysinger.homestead.com/keita.html)

Link to current African DNA research: (http://exploring-africa.blogspot.com/)

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http://knol.google.com/k/mainstream-academic-research/peopling-of-the-nile-valley/3q8x30897t2cs/2#

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Herrera et al 2004 used skewed sampling, drawing far northern Arab and Berber populations near Cairo, and excluding populations from the south, and using distant West Africans, South Africans some Kenyans and even people as far as Haiti and the Bahamas. Curiously, comparisons were not made to closer ones African in the areas near Egypt like the Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia or the Saharan regions of Chad. These were excluded. [quote]
"The fifth African group sampled is from the Tanta region of Egypt and is mainly made up of Arabs and Berbers (Harich et al. 2002). The majority of all sub-Saharan Africans belong to Bantu-speaking populations (Williamson and Blench 2000)... The Egyptian Arab and Berber samples were collected from the Nile delta in the region of Tanta."

Herrera notes that results changed depending on the deletion and addition of groups. When Maximum-likelihood tree analysis with bootstrap values was applied, the diagram shows Egyptians clustering closer to other African derived populations, than Europeans or Middle Easterners. [Quote:]

Several recent DNA studies including mtDNA via Salas, Knight, Petlichkovski etc show Egyptians linking more with West Africans like Mandinka, or other Africans such as Nubians, Somalians, Ethiopians, Sudanics than with admixed groups such as Berbers, or Europeans, or Middle Easterners.

Recent DNA analysis of several studies show most Egyptian y-DNA is M35, characteristic of sub-Saharan peoples (peoples of the Horn), not Europe or the Middle East. The Horn is located below the Sahara.

The dominant pattern in Egypt is M35/M78, an African derived lineage with highest frequencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. [quotes]

The samples from Egypt are almost as diverse as those of the Horn. Some samples have high frequencies of the ancient M60 marker (haplotype B), but the plurality of studies show M35 lineages as predominating. Traces of M2 are found as they are in the Horn. In Egypt the M35 are also primarily M35/M78 with some M35/M81. Egyptian samples show varying frequencies of M89 derivatives and in one sample these actually are the majority; this is not surprising given its locale and the settlement of people from the Near East during the Islamic period..”

It is important to reiterate that the origin of M35 is in East Africa.. The overall pattern is consistent with a model of the first speakers of Afro-Asiatic having emerged in or near the Horn of Africa or in the Nile Valley. .
The evidence is also consistent with the biohistorical Africanity of the base populations of the Horn, Maghreb and Nile valley. These genetic data give population profiles that clearly indicate males of African origin, as opposed to being of Asian or European descent. It is important to say that being biogeographical African does not indicate any specific set of skin colors, hair type or facail features; the populations were constantly subject to the forces of microevolutionary mechanisms. The E haplogroup is clearly African in origin as are A and B..

The genetic data do not support a model of demic diffusion by farmers fro the Levant to explain the Neolithic in northern or eastern Africa, or the spread of Afro-Asiatic languages into Africa..

It is of interest that the M35 and M2 lineages are united by a mutation – the PN2 transition. This PN2 clade originated in East Africa, where various populations have a notable frequency of its underived state. This would suggest that an ancient population in east Africa, or more correctly its males, form the basis of the ancestors of all African upper Paleolithic populations, and subsequent descendants in the present day.”

-S. Keita, 2008, “Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation.” pg 3-16

--Shomarka Omar Keita (2008) Geography, selected Afro-Asiatic families, and Y chromosome lineage variation
in Bengston, John D. (ed.), In Hot Pursuit of Language

The vaunted A2 blood type makes up only a minor frequency of Type A, chiefly among outlier populations like Lapps, Blackfoot Indians or Australian Abos. Does this make King Tut was a Lapp? or a white European? The highest frequencies of A variants as a whole are found in Africa! Tut is no white European, but merely one of the many African variants of "A".

The highest frequencies of A2 are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%). The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians. But still, THE HIGHEST VARIANT DISTRIBUTION OF A IS FOUND IN AFRICA.

QUOTE fromD'Adamo 2002:

"There are over 20 recognized variants of group A- although about 95% of all As are A1. Most of the variants are found in Africa, and probably represent adaptations to local parasites. These include A2, A3 and A-Bantu."
-- (Complete blood type encyclopedia: the A-Z reference guide for the blood type. By Peter J. D'Adamo, Catherine Whitney, 2002, pg 43).

Conservative race scholars quoted by "Aryan" proponents ironically undercut their own claims. Below is the research of conservative scholar Boyd who used Blood groups to sort the races, and continued to do so in the 1960s along with Connolly:

From:
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RACES AND PEOPLE BY William C.Boyd, 1955 Abelard-Schumann, New York
quote:

"Now we can summarize our six genetic races: ~

1. Australian (Aboriginal): low B or none, low M, no A2
2. American (Indian): low B or none, low N, no A2
3. Asian: High B, high Rhz, no A2
4. African: High B, high Rho, some rh, high A2
5. European: moderately high rh, moderate B, moderate A2
6. Early European: very high rh, no B

~ The genes for O and A are so widespread among all groups of people that they are nearly useless in racial classification.

The six races (plus a seventh race which is less clear-cut) divide the world in an interesting manner. We can follow immigration waves that we could not follow if we used skin color or some other obvious physical characteristic. For instance, a group of immigrants high in A must have entered western Japan from Korea in the not distant past and spread eastward. That would account for the variation of frequency in the A gene in different parts of Japan.

As we learn more about the blood-group genes, and about other genes, too, and as we test more and more people all over the earth, we can expect to be able to trace man's evolution more exactly and to learn the stages by which he has populated the world."
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Thus when conservative Boyd did the analysis on blood groups in the 1950s, the groups with the highest A2 are Africans. Europeans only have moderate levels of A2. Quote:

"4. African: High B, high Rho, some rh, high A2

5. European: moderately high rh, moderate B, moderate A2"

According to conservative race typers like Boyd then, Tut would be closer to Africans based on A2.

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Presence of groups O and B in Egypt also undercut "white Egypt" claims.
Manchester Univeristy in the 1970 conducted a number of blood grouping tests on mummies using a mixed cell agglutination technique. "Of the nine mummies testing using this technique, three were in group A, five were group O and one group AB."
----A Rosalie David. (1986). Science in Egyptology: Proceedings of the 'science in Egyptology' Symposia p. 381

Thus 60% of the ancient mummies had type "O". This preponderance is also seen in Bantu groups which show more "O" than Europeans.

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Advantage African in Type B
Furthermore the Egyptians have substantial frequencies of "B". In Europe however (quote) "In Europe, B frequency varies from between 8% and 12%." (Daniels 2006)
and quote: "Blood group B is a distinctly non-Indo-European blood type. (D'Adamo 2002).

In Egypt the frequency of B is much higher- 24% (Beckman 1959). Among Bantu groups B frequencies average 19% (Beckman 1959). In terms of type B then, the African percentages are much closer to the Egyptians than the Europeans.

Advantage African in Type O
As regards type "O" the greatest frequencies are found in the Americas, Australia and Africa, not Europe. Quote: "Populations with a group O phenotype frequency greater than 60% are found in native people of the Americas and in parts of Africa and Australia, but not in most of Europe or Asia." (Daniels 2006).

In Egypt the frequency of O is 33% (Beckman 1959) compared to the Bantu average of 46%. (Beckman 1959), compared to smaller O frequencies for Europe. In terms of Type O then, the African percentages are much closer to Egyptians than Europeans.

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Summary- overall advantage: African

Summary: In 2 out of 3 blood groups, the Africans and closer to the Egyptians (Africans 66% - Europeans 33%). Advantage: African.

As for blood group A it is also found in Africa, though in lesser percentages than in Europe. However A1 makes up 95% of the A blood grouping. A2 is trivial in this group, being confined mostly to people like Lapps. Assorter "Aryan" claims to make King Tut white center around reputed findings of A2, but this rare marker is trivial to begin with. A2 is also found in Africa. Daniels 2006 shows A2 very much present in Africa. Hence white supremacist appropriation of King Tut based on blood type are dubious. Africa itself provides more than enough variation to accommodate A2. King Tut then had more than enough scope to pick up A2 within Africa without needing the presence of "wandering Caucasoids" in the Nile Valley. Source: Daniels 2006, Essential Guide to Blood Groups).
So much for appropriating Egypt for "white Egyptians" based on blood type.

[based on blood type mainstream scholars say that Africans are linked significantly with Egyptians, again undermining Aryan attempts to appropriate the heritage of Ancient Egypt.]
quote:
"Interestingly, Africa in general (independent of any racial categorization) has a higher incidence of group B than Europe or the Middle East. Whether this is the result of intermingling or the original B gene pool is unknown, however it does imply that the links between ancient Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa are deeper and older than generally recognized."
--D'Adamo & Whitney (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14

Close similarity in ABO serology between modern Haratin populations and those of ancient Egyptians was also shown by G. Paoli, ("ABO Typing of Ancient Egyptians" IN _Population biology of ancient Egyptians_, edited by D.R. Brothwell and B.A. Chiarelli, London, New York, 1973, p. 464.) Frequencies on some "q" gene elements by both peoples were almost twice those in typically European populations. (Montagu, A. _Introduction to Physical Anthropology_ 1960, p. 334). The Haratin are considered to be "Negroid" in physical type (Livingstone, 1967). Other serological tests have shown close affinity of certain Berber-speaking groups with tropical Africans in the high rates of cDe, P and V, and low Fy^a antigens (Keita 1990, Mourant et al., 1976, Chamla, 1980). They also group close with West Africans in the high incidence of HbC, HbS and the sickle cell condition (Livingstone, 1967). S.O.Y. KEITA, "Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 83:35-48 (1990)^[10]