THE HIGHEST VARIANT DISTRIBUTION OF A IS FOUND IN AFRICA, and this includes A2, undramatic as it may seem compared to noble "Nordic" hordes sweeping into Egypt to civilize the natives.

QUOTE from D'Adamo 2002:
"There are over 20 recognized variants of group A- although about 95% of all As are A1. Most of the variants are found in Africa, and probably represent adaptations to local parasites. These include A2, Ax and A-Bantu."
-- (Complete blood type encyclopedia: the A-Z reference guide for the blood type. By Peter J. D'Adamo, Catherine Whitney, 2002, pg 43).



RACIAL TYPING AND BLOOD GROUPS - Neo-Nazis and sympathizers argue that analysis of King Tut's tissues found the A2 blood type variant (part of larger Group A) which would make King Tut white Nordic since A2 appears only in Europeans.

This too is complete nonsense. The touted A2 blood type makes up only a minor frequency of Type A, chiefly among outlier populations like Lapps, Blackfoot Indians or Australian Aborigines. Does this make King Tut was a Lapp? or Blackfoot Indian? The highest frequencies of A2 are found in small, unrelated populations, especially the Blackfoot Indians of Montana (30-35%), the Australian Aborigines (many groups are 40-53%), and the Lapps, or Saami people, of Northern Scandinavia (50-90%). The A allele apparently was absent among Central and South American Indians. A2 is ALSO found in Africa, well within the scope of distribution to the Nile Valley area over the millennia from within Africa, without the dramatic presence of Blackfoot Indians, reindeer herding Lapps, or boomerang wielding Australian Aborigines. King Tut then had more than enough scope to pick up A2 within Africa without needing the presence of "wandering Caucasoids" in the Nile Valley. Source: Daniels 2006, Essential Guide to Blood Groups).

Links between A2 ,King Tut and other royal family members show Nordic elite in ancient Egypt based on A2.

Aryan sympathizers and proponents proffer the 1969 work of Harrison, and Connolly, which sought to demonstrate kinship between Smenkhkare and Tutankhamun. Both men perhaps would be astonished at the appropriation of their work for the Neo-nazi agenda, but nevertheless as shown above, A2 is comfortably present in Africa or among African derived types. A review of Harrison and Connolly's work in the Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt, Bard and Shubert (1999) note Harrison's work but sound a caution about potentially false results with such testing on ancient mummies - :

"However, other investigators have recently warned about the difficulty of controlling against false positive or false negative results. The later may occur as the result of contaminating bacterial enzymes. F.W. Rosing has noted that ABO tests were successful from brain tissue, but not from epithelium and muscle tissue."
-- (Bard and Shubert, Encyclopedia of the archaeology of ancient Egypt. 1999, pg 542)




One of the oldest Egyptian mummies ever examined as found to be of Type B blood, not the alleged "Aryan Caucasoid" settlers with blood type A2 sweeping into the Nile Valley.

Examination of a 3200-year old mummy of a 14-year-old Egyptian boy named Nakht, was conducted by Hart et al (1978). Serological results revealed his blood group as type B.
-- G.D. Hart, I. Kvas, M. Soots, Blood group testing of ancient material with particular reference to the
mummy Nakht, Transfusion 18 (1978) 474–478.

Mainstream scholars note of Type B:
In Europe however (quote) "In Europe, B frequency varies from between 8% and 12%." (Daniels 2006- 'Essential Guide to Blood groups') and quote: "Blood group B is a distinctly non-Indo-European blood type." (D' Adamo 2002- The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia). D'Adamo also notes that Type B indicates a clear link between Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa. :


"Interestingly, Africa in general (independent of any racial categorization) has a higher incidence of group B than Europe or the Middle East. Whether this is the result of intermingling or the original B gene pool is unknown, however it does imply that the links between ancient Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa are deeper and older than generally recognized. "
--D'Adamo (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14




Neo-nazis assert that the coming of the Persians to Egypt brought an influx of Type B Blood, hence proof of "Aryan" settlement, since both Africa and Egypt were lacking in such Type B before Aryan peoples arrived.

A review of the scientific literature however determines this claim to be dubious. The Persians were latecomers to Egypt and type B has been in human populations of Africa long before their arrival. The Egyptians thus did not have to wait for the late coming 'Persian" era to bring them the blessings of Type B after over 3,000 years of continuous civilization. Nor do the putative incoming Persian hordes offer much comfort or evidence of Aryan goodness. Hanihara 1996 shows that the features of early Iranians resemble modern Africans, and indeed cluster with Bantu types on analysis. : "Early West Asians looked like Africans." Hence any incoming hordes would still be dark skinned types that looked like the dreaded Bantu 'negroids.' Alack and alas for Aryan "race science'... No matter what the calculus, the worrisome 'darker brethren' refuse to conveniently go away...



-Hanihara, T. (1996). Comparison of craniofacial features of major human groups. Am. Jrnl Physical Anthro)



Serology or blood type studies link Africans to Ancient Egyptians

Close similarity in ABO serology between modern Haratin populations and those of ancient Egyptians was also shown by G. Paoli, ("ABO Typing of Ancient Egyptians" IN _Population biology of ancient Egyptians_, edited by D.R. Brothwell and B.A. Chiarelli, London, New York, 1973, p. 464.) Frequencies on some "q" gene elements by both peoples were almost twice those in typically European populations. (Montagu, A. _Introduction to Physical Anthropology_ 1960, p. 334). The Haratin are considered to be "Negroid" in physical type (Livingstone, 1967). Other serological tests have shown close affinity of certain Berber-speaking groups with tropical Africans in the high rates of cDe, P and V, and low Fy^a antigens(Keita 1990, Mourant et al., 1976, Chamla, 1980). They also group close with West Africans in the high incidence of HbC, HbS and the sickle cell condition (Livingstone, 1967). S.O.Y. KEITA, "Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 83:35-48 (1990)<10>
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Serology data of Paoli show links between ancient Egyptians and black Saharan Haratin - part of the range of variability in the Nile Valley
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G. Paoli, in "ABO Typing of Ancient Egyptians" IN _Population biology of ancient Egyptians_, edited by D.R. Brothwell and B.A. Chiarelli, London, New York, 1973, showed that the Dynastic Egyptians were most closely matched with the Haratin of the northern Sahara. Paoli mentions the theory of Cabot-Briggs (Cabot-Briggs, L. (1958), _The Living Races of the Sahara Desert, Massachussets) that this resemblance might indicate the origin of the Haratin. Here are the figures given for the two groups from Paoli (p. 464):

Modern Northern Haratin and Dynastic Egyptian
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Group       No.  O  A  B   AB     p       q        r
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Egyptians 160  34  64 34  28  34.35  21.45 44.20 (Paoli)
Haratin     202  40 80 57  25  30.99  23.14 48.87 (Mourant)
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Paoli 1972 in a separately published paper reported the same findings, linking the ancient Egyptians with the Black Northern Haratin. :

"The genic frequencies calculated on the basis of the phenotypical distribution are the following ones: p = 34·35; q = 21·45; r = 44·20. Similar frequencies can be found, among the living populations of northern Africa, in the Algerian Haratin."
-- Paoli. G. (1972). Further biochemical and immunological investigations on early Egyptian remains. Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 1, Issue 5, September 1972, Pages 457-466.

'Aryan' proponents and sympathizers also assert that a study by Paoli in 1982 found "complete resemblance" between "leucoderm" populations of Europe and Egyptians. The only thing wrong with this claim is that it is complete rubbish. Paoli in 1982 conducted studies of the Nile Valley populations in the medieval era, covering the 6th and 11th centuries AD, AFTER Egypt was conquered by the Arabs. The findings for this later period are unsurprising: Egyptians blood type patterns in the south somewhat resembled those in the North. However these resemblances also applied to ABO frequencies among Sudanese and Nubian populations, particularly in frequencies of Type O and Type B blood, which, when compared with his 1972 work again shows more clustering between Egyptians, Sudanese and Nubians than with other populations. (Borgonini-Tarli and Paoli 1982)


Other African groups, like the Flittas of Algeria show considerable negro admixture and also high frequencies of A2, undercutting "Aryan" claims as to the absence of A2 in Africa. Paoli also found Egyptians clustering to the Black Saharans, the Haratin of Algeria. Berber is a language group, and there are many Black Berbers.

"A remarkable isolate is that of the Flittas who live at Zemmora, southeast of Oran, and have a long history of fierce resistance to successive rulers of Algeria.. Their ABO frequencies are unique, with 18 per cent of A2 genes, the highest frequency known except in the Lapps of northern Scandinavia. The total A gene frequency reaches the high level of 30 per cent, and M at 57 per cent is also well above the general North Africa level. The presence of 26 per cent of cDe shows considerable Negro admixture, presumably long ago. The high A2 frequency remains a mystery—it is presumably the result of genetic drift or natural selection.."
-- D'Adamo (2009) "Subgroups of Type A."



Conservative race scholars quoted by "Aryan" proponents ironically undercut their own claims. Below is the research of conservative scholar Boyd who used Blood groups to sort the races, and continued to do so in the 1960s along with scholars like Connoly:

Aryan "references" to older blood group research undermine their own assertions about A2 and "Nordic" King Tut showing ironically that the supposed A2 "Nordic" marker sometimes actually appears in HIGHER frequencies in Africa than in Europe.

"The fact that blood antigen A can be divided into two main sorts, A, and A2, probably determined by two corresponding genes, greatly increases the anthropological value of the ABO sys- tem. For it turns out that the A2 gene is unknown in Eastern Asia, in the Pacific, and among the American abo- rigines, being found only in the peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The proportion of A2 to A, is higher in Africa than in Europe; the Middle East is in this respect, as in others, a transition area between Europe and Eastern Asia."
-- (Boyd W. (1963) Genetics and the Human Race. Science, New Series, Vol. 140, No. 3571



More older references continually cited by Aryan "researchers" ironically undermine their case:

TABULAR DATA From:
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RACES AND PEOPLE BY William C.Boyd, 1955 Abelard-Schumann, New York
quote:


"Now we can summarize our six genetic races: ~

1. Australian (Aboriginal): low B or none, low M, no A2
2. American (Indian): low B or none, low N, no A2
3. Asian: High B, high Rhz, no A2
4. African: High B, high Rho, some rh, high A2
5. European: moderately high rh, moderate B, moderate A2
6. Early European: very high rh, no B

~ The genes for O and A are so widespread among all groups of people that they are nearly useless in racial classification.

The six races (plus a seventh race which is less clear-cut) divide the world in an interesting manner. We can follow immigration waves that we could not follow if we used skin color or some other obvious physical characteristic. For instance, a group of immigrants high in A must have entered western Japan from Korea in the not distant past and spread eastward. That would account for the variation of frequency in the A gene in different parts of Japan.

As we learn more about the blood-group genes, and about other genes, too, and as we test more and more people all over the earth, we can expect to be able to trace man's evolution more exactly and to learn the stages by which he has populated the world."

hus when conservative Boyd did the analysis on blood groups in the 1950s, the groups with the highest A2 are Africans. Europeans had only have moderate levels of A2 according to conservative Boyd. His 1950s data has been superseded in recent years showing the highest levels of A2 in Blackfoot Indians and other isolated populations like the Laaps of Sweden. However it is ironic that the misuse of his work by Neo-Nazis should undermine their own claims upon closer examination. Quote:

"4. African: High B, high Rho, some rh, high A2

5. European: moderately high rh, moderate B, moderate A2"

According to conservative race typers like Boyd then, Tut would be closer to Africans based on A2.

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Ironically, Aryan "purity" is undermined by the work of conservative scholars whom they cite, who maintain that Europeans are a hybrid, mongrel race, not a primary one at all.

According to conservative scholar Cavalli-Sforza: "it appears that Europeans are about two-thirds Asians and one-third African." --L. Cavalli-Sforza, (2001) Genes, Peoples and Languages. University of California Press




Aryan proponents hold that blacks do not have the MN gene. Their own references however debunk such rubbish.


Note MN genotype appearing in all human populations. Neo-Nazis deny its existence in "negroes" but their own references undermine such nonsensical claims. Note that the proportionate frequency of "MN" in sub-Saharan Nigerians of .495 is closer to the Egyptian frequency of .489 than to the prototypical "Nordics" - Germans at .507. The ironic outcome using such "racial calculus" is that the Africans are closer to the Egyptians than the Neo-Nazi's favored "Nordics."


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Presence of Type O and B in Egypt also undercuts "white Egypt" claims.

Manchester University in the 1970s conducted a number of blood grouping tests on mummies using a mixed cell agglutination technique. "Of the nine mummies testing using this technique, three were in group A, five were group O and one group AB."
----A Rosalie David. (1986). Science in Egyptology: Proceedings of the 'science in Egyptology' Symposia p. 381

Thus 60% of the ancient mummies had type "O". This preponderance is also seen in Bantu groups which show more "O" than Europeans.
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Advantage African in Type B
Furthermore the Egyptians have substantial frequencies of "B".
In Europe however (quote) "In Europe, B frequency varies from between 8% and 12%." (Daniels 2006)
and quote: "Blood group B is a distinctly non-Indo-European blood type." (D' Adamo 2002).

In Egypt the frequency of B is much higher- 24% (Beckman 1959). Among Bantu groups B frequencies average 19% (Beckman 1959). In terms of type B then, the African percentages are much closer to the Egyptians than the Europeans.


Advantage African in Type O
As regards type "O" the greatest frequencies are found in the Americas, Australia and Africa, not Europe. Quote: "Populations with a group O phenotype frequency greater than 60% are found in native people of the Americas and in parts of Africa and Australia, but not in most of Europe or Asia." (Daniels 2006).

In Egypt the frequency of O is 33% (Beckman 1959) compared to the bantu average of 46%. (Beckman 1959), compared to smaller O frequencies for Europe. In terms of Type O then, the African percentages are much closer to Egyptians than Europeans.

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Summary- overall advantage: African

Summary: In 2 out of 3 blood groups, the Africans and closer to the Egyptians (Africans 66% - Europeans 33%). Advantage: African.
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Africans are linked significantly with Egyptians via blood types according to mainstream scholars, again undermining dubious "Aryan" claims.
quote:
Interestingly, Africa in general (independent of any racial categorization) has a higher incidence of group B than Europe or the Middle East. Whether this is the result of intermingling or the original B gene pool is unknown, however it does imply that the links between ancient Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa are deeper and older than generally recognized. "
--D'Adamo (2002) "The Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia. pg 14

A study done in Human Heredity examined blood groups of Somalis, an East African population. They found little evidence of much touted "Nordic blood".

[quote]
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Abstract
"The results of a population survey on blood group distribution in Somalia, East Africa, are presented. Over 1,000 subjects were tested for most blood groups included in the survey. The sampling covered the whole country and was well in accordance with the population density as estimated by the recorded birth places of the subjects. Altogether, 46 blood group antigens were tested, partly common antigens within 11 of the major blood group systems, but also infrequent and very frequent antigens, some not tested before in Africa, were included. The results were compared with the available data for other related peoples and for populations from the same geographical area. The standard genetic distances were also applied in the comparison. The results suggest that only a minor component in the genetic constitution of the Somali population can be ascribed to Caucasian admixture. They are markedly in contrast with some earlier findings. During the survey we observed a previously unknown Rh gene complex occurring with a polymorphic frequency in Somalis."

-- P. Sistonend, J. Koistinena, Aden Abdulleb. (1987) Distribution of Blood Groups in the East African Somali Population
Hum Hered. 37(5):300-313

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